// This file is part of Gear.

// Copyright (C) 2022-2024 Gear Technologies Inc.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later WITH Classpath-exception-2.0

// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.

// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

//! Gas reservation structures.

use crate::{
    ids::{prelude::*, MessageId, ReservationId},
    message::IncomingDispatch,
};
use alloc::{collections::BTreeMap, format};
use gear_core_errors::ReservationError;
use scale_info::{
    scale::{Decode, Encode},
    TypeInfo,
};

/// An unchangeable wrapper over u64 value, which is required
/// to be used as a "view-only" reservations nonce in a message
/// execution context.
///
/// ### Note:
/// By contract, It must be instantiated only once, when message execution
/// context is created. Also the latter is required to be instantiated only
/// once, when incoming dispatch is created.
#[derive(
    Clone, Copy, Default, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Decode, Encode, TypeInfo,
)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
pub struct ReservationNonce(u64);

impl From<&InnerNonce> for ReservationNonce {
    fn from(nonce: &InnerNonce) -> Self {
        ReservationNonce(nonce.0)
    }
}

/// A changeable wrapper over u64 value, which is required
/// to be used as an "active" reservations nonce in a gas reserver.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct InnerNonce(u64);

impl InnerNonce {
    /// Fetches current state of the nonce and
    /// updates its state by incrementing it.
    fn fetch_inc(&mut self) -> u64 {
        let current = self.0;
        self.0 = self.0.saturating_add(1);

        current
    }
}

impl From<ReservationNonce> for InnerNonce {
    fn from(frozen_nonce: ReservationNonce) -> Self {
        InnerNonce(frozen_nonce.0)
    }
}

/// Gas reserver.
///
/// Controls gas reservations states.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct GasReserver {
    /// Message id within which reservations are created
    /// by the current instance of [`GasReserver`].
    message_id: MessageId,
    /// Nonce used to generate [`ReservationId`]s.
    ///
    /// It's really important that if gas reserver is created
    /// several times with the same `message_id`, value of this
    /// field is re-used. This property is guaranteed by instantiating
    /// gas reserver from the [`IncomingDispatch`].
    nonce: InnerNonce,
    /// Gas reservations states.
    states: GasReservationStates,
    /// Maximum allowed reservations to be stored in `states`.
    ///
    /// This field is used not only to control `states` during
    /// one execution, but also during several execution using
    /// gas reserver for the actor. To reach that `states` must
    /// be set with reservation from previous executions of the
    /// actor.
    max_reservations: u64,
}

impl GasReserver {
    /// Creates a new gas reserver.
    ///
    /// `map`, which is a [`BTreeMap`] of [`GasReservationSlot`]s,
    /// will be converted to the [`BTreeMap`] of [`GasReservationState`]s.
    pub fn new(
        incoming_dispatch: &IncomingDispatch,
        map: GasReservationMap,
        max_reservations: u64,
    ) -> Self {
        let message_id = incoming_dispatch.id();
        let nonce = incoming_dispatch
            .context()
            .as_ref()
            .map(|c| c.reservation_nonce())
            .unwrap_or_default()
            .into();
        Self {
            message_id,
            nonce,
            states: {
                let mut states = BTreeMap::new();
                states.extend(map.into_iter().map(|(id, slot)| (id, slot.into())));
                states
            },
            max_reservations,
        }
    }

    /// Returns bool defining if gas reserver is empty.
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.states.is_empty()
    }

    /// Checks that the number of existing and newly created reservations
    /// in the `states` is less than `max_reservations`. Removed reservations,
    /// which are stored with the [`GasReservationState::Removed`] state in the
    /// `states`, aren't excluded from the check.
    fn check_execution_limit(&self) -> Result<(), ReservationError> {
        // operation might very expensive in the future
        // so we will store 2 numerics to optimize it maybe
        let current_reservations = self
            .states
            .values()
            .map(|state| {
                matches!(
                    state,
                    GasReservationState::Exists { .. } | GasReservationState::Created { .. }
                ) as u64
            })
            .sum::<u64>();
        if current_reservations > self.max_reservations {
            Err(ReservationError::ReservationsLimitReached)
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Returns amount of gas in reservation, if exists.
    pub fn limit_of(&self, reservation_id: &ReservationId) -> Option<u64> {
        self.states.get(reservation_id).and_then(|v| match v {
            GasReservationState::Exists { amount, .. }
            | GasReservationState::Created { amount, .. } => Some(*amount),
            _ => None,
        })
    }

    /// Reserves gas.
    ///
    /// Creates a new reservation and returns its id.
    ///
    /// Returns an error if maximum limit of reservations is reached.
    pub fn reserve(
        &mut self,
        amount: u64,
        duration: u32,
    ) -> Result<ReservationId, ReservationError> {
        self.check_execution_limit()?;

        let id = ReservationId::generate(self.message_id, self.nonce.fetch_inc());

        let maybe_reservation = self.states.insert(
            id,
            GasReservationState::Created {
                amount,
                duration,
                used: false,
            },
        );

        if maybe_reservation.is_some() {
            let err_msg = format!(
                "GasReserver::reserve: created a duplicate reservation. \
                Message id  - {message_id}, nonce - {nonce}",
                message_id = self.message_id,
                nonce = self.nonce.0
            );

            log::error!("{err_msg}");
            unreachable!("{err_msg}");
        }

        Ok(id)
    }

    /// Unreserves gas reserved within `id` reservation.
    ///
    /// Return error if:
    /// 1. Reservation doesn't exist.
    /// 2. Reservation was "unreserved", so in [`GasReservationState::Removed`] state.
    /// 3. Reservation was marked used.
    pub fn unreserve(
        &mut self,
        id: ReservationId,
    ) -> Result<(u64, Option<UnreservedReimbursement>), ReservationError> {
        // Docs error case #1.
        let state = self
            .states
            .get(&id)
            .ok_or(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)?;

        if matches!(
            state,
            // Docs error case #2.
            GasReservationState::Removed { .. } |
            // Docs error case #3.
            GasReservationState::Exists { used: true, .. } |
            GasReservationState::Created { used: true, .. }
        ) {
            return Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId);
        }

        let state = self.states.remove(&id).unwrap();

        Ok(match state {
            GasReservationState::Exists { amount, finish, .. } => {
                self.states
                    .insert(id, GasReservationState::Removed { expiration: finish });
                (amount, None)
            }
            GasReservationState::Created {
                amount, duration, ..
            } => (amount, Some(UnreservedReimbursement(duration))),
            GasReservationState::Removed { .. } => {
                let err_msg =
                    "GasReserver::unreserve: `Removed` variant is unreachable, checked above";

                log::error!("{err_msg}");
                unreachable!("{err_msg}")
            }
        })
    }

    /// Marks reservation as used.
    ///
    /// This allows to avoid double usage of the reservation
    /// for sending a new message from execution of `message_id`
    /// of current gas reserver.
    pub fn mark_used(&mut self, id: ReservationId) -> Result<(), ReservationError> {
        let used = self.check_not_used(id)?;
        *used = true;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Check if reservation is not used.
    ///
    /// If reservation does not exist returns `InvalidReservationId` error.
    pub fn check_not_used(&mut self, id: ReservationId) -> Result<&mut bool, ReservationError> {
        if let Some(
            GasReservationState::Created { used, .. } | GasReservationState::Exists { used, .. },
        ) = self.states.get_mut(&id)
        {
            if *used {
                Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
            } else {
                Ok(used)
            }
        } else {
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        }
    }

    /// Returns gas reservations current nonce.
    pub fn nonce(&self) -> ReservationNonce {
        (&self.nonce).into()
    }

    /// Gets gas reservations states.
    pub fn states(&self) -> &GasReservationStates {
        &self.states
    }

    /// Converts current gas reserver into gas reservation map.
    pub fn into_map<F>(
        self,
        current_block_height: u32,
        duration_into_expiration: F,
    ) -> GasReservationMap
    where
        F: Fn(u32) -> u32,
    {
        self.states
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|(id, state)| match state {
                GasReservationState::Exists {
                    amount,
                    start,
                    finish,
                    ..
                } => Some((
                    id,
                    GasReservationSlot {
                        amount,
                        start,
                        finish,
                    },
                )),
                GasReservationState::Created {
                    amount, duration, ..
                } => {
                    let expiration = duration_into_expiration(duration);
                    Some((
                        id,
                        GasReservationSlot {
                            amount,
                            start: current_block_height,
                            finish: expiration,
                        },
                    ))
                }
                GasReservationState::Removed { .. } => None,
            })
            .collect()
    }
}

/// Safety token returned when unreserved gas can be returned back to the gas counter.
///
/// Wraps duration for the newly created reservation.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct UnreservedReimbursement(u32);

impl UnreservedReimbursement {
    /// Returns duration for the newly created unreserved reservation.
    pub fn duration(&self) -> u32 {
        self.0
    }
}

/// Gas reservations states.
pub type GasReservationStates = BTreeMap<ReservationId, GasReservationState>;

/// Gas reservation state.
///
/// Used to control whether reservation was created, removed or nothing happened.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Encode, Decode)]
pub enum GasReservationState {
    /// Reservation exists.
    Exists {
        /// Amount of reserved gas.
        amount: u64,
        /// Block number when reservation is created.
        start: u32,
        /// Block number when reservation will expire.
        finish: u32,
        /// Flag signalizing whether reservation is used.
        used: bool,
    },
    /// Reservation will be created.
    Created {
        /// Amount of reserved gas.
        amount: u64,
        /// How many blocks reservation will live.
        duration: u32,
        /// Flag signalizing whether reservation is used.
        used: bool,
    },
    /// Reservation will be removed.
    Removed {
        /// Block number when reservation will expire.
        expiration: u32,
    },
}

impl From<GasReservationSlot> for GasReservationState {
    fn from(slot: GasReservationSlot) -> Self {
        Self::Exists {
            amount: slot.amount,
            start: slot.start,
            finish: slot.finish,
            used: false,
        }
    }
}

/// Gas reservations map.
///
/// Used across execution and is stored to storage.
pub type GasReservationMap = BTreeMap<ReservationId, GasReservationSlot>;

/// Gas reservation slot.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Encode, Decode, TypeInfo)]
pub struct GasReservationSlot {
    /// Amount of reserved gas.
    pub amount: u64,
    /// Block number when reservation is created.
    pub start: u32,
    /// Block number when reservation will expire.
    pub finish: u32,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    const MAX_RESERVATIONS: u64 = 256;

    fn new_reserver() -> GasReserver {
        let d = IncomingDispatch::default();
        GasReserver::new(&d, Default::default(), MAX_RESERVATIONS)
    }

    #[test]
    fn max_reservations_limit_works() {
        let mut reserver = new_reserver();
        for n in 0..(MAX_RESERVATIONS * 10) {
            let res = reserver.reserve(100, 10);
            if n > MAX_RESERVATIONS {
                assert_eq!(res, Err(ReservationError::ReservationsLimitReached));
            } else {
                assert!(res.is_ok());
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn mark_used_for_unreserved_fails() {
        let mut reserver = new_reserver();
        let id = reserver.reserve(1, 1).unwrap();
        reserver.unreserve(id).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            reserver.mark_used(id),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn mark_used_twice_fails() {
        let mut reserver = new_reserver();
        let id = reserver.reserve(1, 1).unwrap();
        reserver.mark_used(id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            reserver.mark_used(id),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );

        // not found
        assert_eq!(
            reserver.mark_used(ReservationId::default()),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn remove_reservation_twice_fails() {
        let mut reserver = new_reserver();
        let id = reserver.reserve(1, 1).unwrap();
        reserver.unreserve(id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            reserver.unreserve(id),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn remove_non_existing_reservation_fails() {
        let id = ReservationId::from([0xff; 32]);

        let mut map = GasReservationMap::new();
        map.insert(
            id,
            GasReservationSlot {
                amount: 1,
                start: 1,
                finish: 100,
            },
        );

        let mut reserver = GasReserver::new(&Default::default(), map, 256);
        reserver.unreserve(id).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            reserver.unreserve(id),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn fresh_reserve_unreserve() {
        let mut reserver = new_reserver();
        let id = reserver.reserve(10_000, 5).unwrap();
        reserver.mark_used(id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            reserver.unreserve(id),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn existing_reserve_unreserve() {
        let id = ReservationId::from([0xff; 32]);

        let mut map = GasReservationMap::new();
        map.insert(
            id,
            GasReservationSlot {
                amount: 1,
                start: 1,
                finish: 100,
            },
        );

        let mut reserver = GasReserver::new(&Default::default(), map, 256);
        reserver.mark_used(id).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            reserver.unreserve(id),
            Err(ReservationError::InvalidReservationId)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn unreserving_unreserved() {
        let id = ReservationId::from([0xff; 32]);
        let slot = GasReservationSlot {
            amount: 1,
            start: 2,
            finish: 3,
        };

        let mut map = GasReservationMap::new();
        map.insert(id, slot.clone());

        let mut reserver = GasReserver::new(&Default::default(), map, 256);

        let (amount, _) = reserver.unreserve(id).expect("Shouldn't fail");
        assert_eq!(amount, slot.amount);

        assert!(reserver.unreserve(id).is_err());
        assert_eq!(
            reserver.states().get(&id).cloned(),
            Some(GasReservationState::Removed {
                expiration: slot.finish
            })
        );
    }
}