Struct gclient::ext::sp_core::bounded::alloc::rc::Rc

1.0.0 · source ·
pub struct Rc<T, A = Global>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,
{ /* private fields */ }
Expand description

A single-threaded reference-counting pointer. ‘Rc’ stands for ‘Reference Counted’.

See the module-level documentation for more details.

The inherent methods of Rc are all associated functions, which means that you have to call them as e.g., Rc::get_mut(&mut value) instead of value.get_mut(). This avoids conflicts with methods of the inner type T.

Implementations§

source§

impl<T> Rc<T>

1.0.0 · source

pub fn new(value: T) -> Rc<T>

Constructs a new Rc<T>.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
1.60.0 · source

pub fn new_cyclic<F>(data_fn: F) -> Rc<T>
where F: FnOnce(&Weak<T>) -> T,

Constructs a new Rc<T> while giving you a Weak<T> to the allocation, to allow you to construct a T which holds a weak pointer to itself.

Generally, a structure circularly referencing itself, either directly or indirectly, should not hold a strong reference to itself to prevent a memory leak. Using this function, you get access to the weak pointer during the initialization of T, before the Rc<T> is created, such that you can clone and store it inside the T.

new_cyclic first allocates the managed allocation for the Rc<T>, then calls your closure, giving it a Weak<T> to this allocation, and only afterwards completes the construction of the Rc<T> by placing the T returned from your closure into the allocation.

Since the new Rc<T> is not fully-constructed until Rc<T>::new_cyclic returns, calling upgrade on the weak reference inside your closure will fail and result in a None value.

§Panics

If data_fn panics, the panic is propagated to the caller, and the temporary Weak<T> is dropped normally.

§Examples
use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};

struct Gadget {
    me: Weak<Gadget>,
}

impl Gadget {
    /// Constructs a reference counted Gadget.
    fn new() -> Rc<Self> {
        // `me` is a `Weak<Gadget>` pointing at the new allocation of the
        // `Rc` we're constructing.
        Rc::new_cyclic(|me| {
            // Create the actual struct here.
            Gadget { me: me.clone() }
        })
    }

    /// Returns a reference counted pointer to Self.
    fn me(&self) -> Rc<Self> {
        self.me.upgrade().unwrap()
    }
}
source

pub fn new_uninit() -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut five = Rc::<u32>::new_uninit();

// Deferred initialization:
Rc::get_mut(&mut five).unwrap().write(5);

let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)
source

pub fn new_zeroed() -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let zero = Rc::<u32>::new_zeroed();
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)
source

pub fn try_new(value: T) -> Result<Rc<T>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc<T>, returning an error if the allocation fails

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::try_new(5);
source

pub fn try_new_uninit() -> Result<Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, returning an error if the allocation fails

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut five = Rc::<u32>::try_new_uninit()?;

// Deferred initialization:
Rc::get_mut(&mut five).unwrap().write(5);

let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5);
source

pub fn try_new_zeroed() -> Result<Rc<MaybeUninit<T>>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes, returning an error if the allocation fails

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let zero = Rc::<u32>::try_new_zeroed()?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);
1.33.0 · source

pub fn pin(value: T) -> Pin<Rc<T>>

Constructs a new Pin<Rc<T>>. If T does not implement Unpin, then value will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

source§

impl<T, A> Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

source

pub fn new_in(value: T, alloc: A) -> Rc<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc in the provided allocator.

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let five = Rc::new_in(5, System);
source

pub fn new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents in the provided allocator.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let mut five = Rc::<u32, _>::new_uninit_in(System);

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut five).as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5)
source

pub fn new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes, in the provided allocator.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let zero = Rc::<u32, _>::new_zeroed_in(System);
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0)
source

pub fn try_new_in(value: T, alloc: A) -> Result<Rc<T, A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc<T> in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let five = Rc::try_new_in(5, System);
source

pub fn try_new_uninit_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Rc<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let mut five = Rc::<u32, _>::try_new_uninit_in(System)?;

let five = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut five).as_mut_ptr().write(5);

    five.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*five, 5);
source

pub fn try_new_zeroed_in(alloc: A) -> Result<Rc<MaybeUninit<T>, A>, AllocError>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Rc with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes, in the provided allocator, returning an error if the allocation fails

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api, new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let zero = Rc::<u32, _>::try_new_zeroed_in(System)?;
let zero = unsafe { zero.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*zero, 0);
source

pub fn pin_in(value: T, alloc: A) -> Pin<Rc<T, A>>
where A: 'static,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new Pin<Rc<T>> in the provided allocator. If T does not implement Unpin, then value will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.

1.4.0 · source

pub fn try_unwrap(this: Rc<T, A>) -> Result<T, Rc<T, A>>

Returns the inner value, if the Rc has exactly one strong reference.

Otherwise, an Err is returned with the same Rc that was passed in.

This will succeed even if there are outstanding weak references.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new(3);
assert_eq!(Rc::try_unwrap(x), Ok(3));

let x = Rc::new(4);
let _y = Rc::clone(&x);
assert_eq!(*Rc::try_unwrap(x).unwrap_err(), 4);
1.70.0 · source

pub fn into_inner(this: Rc<T, A>) -> Option<T>

Returns the inner value, if the Rc has exactly one strong reference.

Otherwise, None is returned and the Rc is dropped.

This will succeed even if there are outstanding weak references.

If Rc::into_inner is called on every clone of this Rc, it is guaranteed that exactly one of the calls returns the inner value. This means in particular that the inner value is not dropped.

Rc::try_unwrap is conceptually similar to Rc::into_inner. And while they are meant for different use-cases, Rc::into_inner(this) is in fact equivalent to Rc::try_unwrap(this).ok(). (Note that the same kind of equivalence does not hold true for Arc, due to race conditions that do not apply to Rc!)

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new(3);
assert_eq!(Rc::into_inner(x), Some(3));

let x = Rc::new(4);
let y = Rc::clone(&x);

assert_eq!(Rc::into_inner(y), None);
assert_eq!(Rc::into_inner(x), Some(4));
source§

impl<T> Rc<[T]>

source

pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit)

Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut values = Rc::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

// Deferred initialization:
let data = Rc::get_mut(&mut values).unwrap();
data[0].write(1);
data[1].write(2);
data[2].write(3);

let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
source

pub fn new_zeroed_slice(len: usize) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit)

Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let values = Rc::<[u32]>::new_zeroed_slice(3);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])
source§

impl<T, A> Rc<[T], A>
where A: Allocator,

source

pub fn new_uninit_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let mut values = Rc::<[u32], _>::new_uninit_slice_in(3, System);

let values = unsafe {
    // Deferred initialization:
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[0].as_mut_ptr().write(1);
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[1].as_mut_ptr().write(2);
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut values)[2].as_mut_ptr().write(3);

    values.assume_init()
};

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
source

pub fn new_zeroed_slice_in(len: usize, alloc: A) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs a new reference-counted slice with uninitialized contents, with the memory being filled with 0 bytes.

See MaybeUninit::zeroed for examples of correct and incorrect usage of this method.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let values = Rc::<[u32], _>::new_zeroed_slice_in(3, System);
let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [0, 0, 0])
source§

impl<T, A> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>, A>
where A: Allocator,

source

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Rc<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit)

Converts to Rc<T>.

§Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the inner value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut five = Rc::<u32>::new_uninit();

// Deferred initialization:
Rc::get_mut(&mut five).unwrap().write(5);

let five = unsafe { five.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*five, 5)
source§

impl<T, A> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>], A>
where A: Allocator,

source

pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Rc<[T], A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (new_uninit)

Converts to Rc<[T]>.

§Safety

As with MaybeUninit::assume_init, it is up to the caller to guarantee that the inner value really is in an initialized state. Calling this when the content is not yet fully initialized causes immediate undefined behavior.

§Examples
#![feature(new_uninit)]
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut values = Rc::<[u32]>::new_uninit_slice(3);

// Deferred initialization:
let data = Rc::get_mut(&mut values).unwrap();
data[0].write(1);
data[1].write(2);
data[2].write(3);

let values = unsafe { values.assume_init() };

assert_eq!(*values, [1, 2, 3])
source§

impl<T> Rc<T>
where T: ?Sized,

1.17.0 · source

pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const T) -> Rc<T>

Constructs an Rc<T> from a raw pointer.

The raw pointer must have been previously returned by a call to Rc<U>::into_raw with the following requirements:

  • If U is sized, it must have the same size and alignment as T. This is trivially true if U is T.
  • If U is unsized, its data pointer must have the same size and alignment as T. This is trivially true if Rc<U> was constructed through Rc<T> and then converted to Rc<U> through an unsized coercion.

Note that if U or U’s data pointer is not T but has the same size and alignment, this is basically like transmuting references of different types. See mem::transmute for more information on what restrictions apply in this case.

The raw pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator

The user of from_raw has to make sure a specific value of T is only dropped once.

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory unsafety, even if the returned Rc<T> is never accessed.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new("hello".to_owned());
let x_ptr = Rc::into_raw(x);

unsafe {
    // Convert back to an `Rc` to prevent leak.
    let x = Rc::from_raw(x_ptr);
    assert_eq!(&*x, "hello");

    // Further calls to `Rc::from_raw(x_ptr)` would be memory-unsafe.
}

// The memory was freed when `x` went out of scope above, so `x_ptr` is now dangling!

Convert a slice back into its original array:

use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<[u32]> = Rc::new([1, 2, 3]);
let x_ptr: *const [u32] = Rc::into_raw(x);

unsafe {
    let x: Rc<[u32; 3]> = Rc::from_raw(x_ptr.cast::<[u32; 3]>());
    assert_eq!(&*x, &[1, 2, 3]);
}
1.53.0 · source

pub unsafe fn increment_strong_count(ptr: *const T)

Increments the strong reference count on the Rc<T> associated with the provided pointer by one.

§Safety

The pointer must have been obtained through Rc::into_raw, the associated Rc instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at least 1) for the duration of this method, and ptr must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

unsafe {
    let ptr = Rc::into_raw(five);
    Rc::increment_strong_count(ptr);

    let five = Rc::from_raw(ptr);
    assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
}
1.53.0 · source

pub unsafe fn decrement_strong_count(ptr: *const T)

Decrements the strong reference count on the Rc<T> associated with the provided pointer by one.

§Safety

The pointer must have been obtained through Rc::into_raw, the associated Rc instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at least 1) when invoking this method, and ptr must point to a block of memory allocated by the global allocator. This method can be used to release the final Rc and backing storage, but should not be called after the final Rc has been released.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

unsafe {
    let ptr = Rc::into_raw(five);
    Rc::increment_strong_count(ptr);

    let five = Rc::from_raw(ptr);
    assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
    Rc::decrement_strong_count(ptr);
    assert_eq!(1, Rc::strong_count(&five));
}
source§

impl<T, A> Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source

pub fn allocator(this: &Rc<T, A>) -> &A

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Returns a reference to the underlying allocator.

Note: this is an associated function, which means that you have to call it as Rc::allocator(&r) instead of r.allocator(). This is so that there is no conflict with a method on the inner type.

1.17.0 · source

pub fn into_raw(this: Rc<T, A>) -> *const T

Consumes the Rc, returning the wrapped pointer.

To avoid a memory leak the pointer must be converted back to an Rc using Rc::from_raw.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new("hello".to_owned());
let x_ptr = Rc::into_raw(x);
assert_eq!(unsafe { &*x_ptr }, "hello");
source

pub fn into_raw_with_allocator(this: Rc<T, A>) -> (*const T, A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Consumes the Rc, returning the wrapped pointer and allocator.

To avoid a memory leak the pointer must be converted back to an Rc using Rc::from_raw_in.

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let x = Rc::new_in("hello".to_owned(), System);
let (ptr, alloc) = Rc::into_raw_with_allocator(x);
assert_eq!(unsafe { &*ptr }, "hello");
let x = unsafe { Rc::from_raw_in(ptr, alloc) };
assert_eq!(&*x, "hello");
1.45.0 · source

pub fn as_ptr(this: &Rc<T, A>) -> *const T

Provides a raw pointer to the data.

The counts are not affected in any way and the Rc is not consumed. The pointer is valid for as long there are strong counts in the Rc.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let x = Rc::new("hello".to_owned());
let y = Rc::clone(&x);
let x_ptr = Rc::as_ptr(&x);
assert_eq!(x_ptr, Rc::as_ptr(&y));
assert_eq!(unsafe { &*x_ptr }, "hello");
source

pub unsafe fn from_raw_in(ptr: *const T, alloc: A) -> Rc<T, A>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Constructs an Rc<T, A> from a raw pointer in the provided allocator.

The raw pointer must have been previously returned by a call to Rc<U, A>::into_raw with the following requirements:

  • If U is sized, it must have the same size and alignment as T. This is trivially true if U is T.
  • If U is unsized, its data pointer must have the same size and alignment as T. This is trivially true if Rc<U> was constructed through Rc<T> and then converted to Rc<U> through an unsized coercion.

Note that if U or U’s data pointer is not T but has the same size and alignment, this is basically like transmuting references of different types. See mem::transmute for more information on what restrictions apply in this case.

The raw pointer must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc

The user of from_raw has to make sure a specific value of T is only dropped once.

This function is unsafe because improper use may lead to memory unsafety, even if the returned Rc<T> is never accessed.

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let x = Rc::new_in("hello".to_owned(), System);
let x_ptr = Rc::into_raw(x);

unsafe {
    // Convert back to an `Rc` to prevent leak.
    let x = Rc::from_raw_in(x_ptr, System);
    assert_eq!(&*x, "hello");

    // Further calls to `Rc::from_raw(x_ptr)` would be memory-unsafe.
}

// The memory was freed when `x` went out of scope above, so `x_ptr` is now dangling!

Convert a slice back into its original array:

#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let x: Rc<[u32], _> = Rc::new_in([1, 2, 3], System);
let x_ptr: *const [u32] = Rc::into_raw(x);

unsafe {
    let x: Rc<[u32; 3], _> = Rc::from_raw_in(x_ptr.cast::<[u32; 3]>(), System);
    assert_eq!(&*x, &[1, 2, 3]);
}
1.4.0 · source

pub fn downgrade(this: &Rc<T, A>) -> Weak<T, A>
where A: Clone,

Creates a new Weak pointer to this allocation.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

let weak_five = Rc::downgrade(&five);
1.15.0 · source

pub fn weak_count(this: &Rc<T, A>) -> usize

Gets the number of Weak pointers to this allocation.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
let _weak_five = Rc::downgrade(&five);

assert_eq!(1, Rc::weak_count(&five));
1.15.0 · source

pub fn strong_count(this: &Rc<T, A>) -> usize

Gets the number of strong (Rc) pointers to this allocation.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
let _also_five = Rc::clone(&five);

assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
source

pub unsafe fn increment_strong_count_in(ptr: *const T, alloc: A)
where A: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Increments the strong reference count on the Rc<T> associated with the provided pointer by one.

§Safety

The pointer must have been obtained through Rc::into_raw, the associated Rc instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at least 1) for the duration of this method, and ptr must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let five = Rc::new_in(5, System);

unsafe {
    let ptr = Rc::into_raw(five);
    Rc::increment_strong_count_in(ptr, System);

    let five = Rc::from_raw_in(ptr, System);
    assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
}
source

pub unsafe fn decrement_strong_count_in(ptr: *const T, alloc: A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (allocator_api)

Decrements the strong reference count on the Rc<T> associated with the provided pointer by one.

§Safety

The pointer must have been obtained through Rc::into_raw, the associated Rc instance must be valid (i.e. the strong count must be at least 1) when invoking this method, and ptr must point to a block of memory allocated by alloc. This method can be used to release the final Rc and backing storage, but should not be called after the final Rc has been released.

§Examples
#![feature(allocator_api)]

use std::rc::Rc;
use std::alloc::System;

let five = Rc::new_in(5, System);

unsafe {
    let ptr = Rc::into_raw(five);
    Rc::increment_strong_count_in(ptr, System);

    let five = Rc::from_raw_in(ptr, System);
    assert_eq!(2, Rc::strong_count(&five));
    Rc::decrement_strong_count_in(ptr, System);
    assert_eq!(1, Rc::strong_count(&five));
}
1.4.0 · source

pub fn get_mut(this: &mut Rc<T, A>) -> Option<&mut T>

Returns a mutable reference into the given Rc, if there are no other Rc or Weak pointers to the same allocation.

Returns None otherwise, because it is not safe to mutate a shared value.

See also make_mut, which will clone the inner value when there are other Rc pointers.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let mut x = Rc::new(3);
*Rc::get_mut(&mut x).unwrap() = 4;
assert_eq!(*x, 4);

let _y = Rc::clone(&x);
assert!(Rc::get_mut(&mut x).is_none());
source

pub unsafe fn get_mut_unchecked(this: &mut Rc<T, A>) -> &mut T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (get_mut_unchecked)

Returns a mutable reference into the given Rc, without any check.

See also get_mut, which is safe and does appropriate checks.

§Safety

If any other Rc or Weak pointers to the same allocation exist, then they must not be dereferenced or have active borrows for the duration of the returned borrow, and their inner type must be exactly the same as the inner type of this Rc (including lifetimes). This is trivially the case if no such pointers exist, for example immediately after Rc::new.

§Examples
#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut x = Rc::new(String::new());
unsafe {
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut x).push_str("foo")
}
assert_eq!(*x, "foo");

Other Rc pointers to the same allocation must be to the same type.

#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<str> = Rc::from("Hello, world!");
let mut y: Rc<[u8]> = x.clone().into();
unsafe {
    // this is Undefined Behavior, because x's inner type is str, not [u8]
    Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut y).fill(0xff); // 0xff is invalid in UTF-8
}
println!("{}", &*x); // Invalid UTF-8 in a str

Other Rc pointers to the same allocation must be to the exact same type, including lifetimes.

#![feature(get_mut_unchecked)]

use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<&str> = Rc::new("Hello, world!");
{
    let s = String::from("Oh, no!");
    let mut y: Rc<&str> = x.clone().into();
    unsafe {
        // this is Undefined Behavior, because x's inner type
        // is &'long str, not &'short str
        *Rc::get_mut_unchecked(&mut y) = &s;
    }
}
println!("{}", &*x); // Use-after-free
1.17.0 · source

pub fn ptr_eq(this: &Rc<T, A>, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

Returns true if the two Rcs point to the same allocation in a vein similar to ptr::eq. This function ignores the metadata of dyn Trait pointers.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);
let same_five = Rc::clone(&five);
let other_five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(Rc::ptr_eq(&five, &same_five));
assert!(!Rc::ptr_eq(&five, &other_five));
source§

impl<T, A> Rc<T, A>
where T: CloneToUninit + ?Sized, A: Allocator + Clone,

1.4.0 · source

pub fn make_mut(this: &mut Rc<T, A>) -> &mut T

Makes a mutable reference into the given Rc.

If there are other Rc pointers to the same allocation, then make_mut will clone the inner value to a new allocation to ensure unique ownership. This is also referred to as clone-on-write.

However, if there are no other Rc pointers to this allocation, but some Weak pointers, then the Weak pointers will be disassociated and the inner value will not be cloned.

See also get_mut, which will fail rather than cloning the inner value or disassociating Weak pointers.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let mut data = Rc::new(5);

*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Won't clone anything
let mut other_data = Rc::clone(&data); // Won't clone inner data
*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Clones inner data
*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;         // Won't clone anything
*Rc::make_mut(&mut other_data) *= 2;   // Won't clone anything

// Now `data` and `other_data` point to different allocations.
assert_eq!(*data, 8);
assert_eq!(*other_data, 12);

Weak pointers will be disassociated:

use std::rc::Rc;

let mut data = Rc::new(75);
let weak = Rc::downgrade(&data);

assert!(75 == *data);
assert!(75 == *weak.upgrade().unwrap());

*Rc::make_mut(&mut data) += 1;

assert!(76 == *data);
assert!(weak.upgrade().is_none());
source§

impl<T, A> Rc<T, A>
where T: Clone, A: Allocator,

1.76.0 · source

pub fn unwrap_or_clone(this: Rc<T, A>) -> T

If we have the only reference to T then unwrap it. Otherwise, clone T and return the clone.

Assuming rc_t is of type Rc<T>, this function is functionally equivalent to (*rc_t).clone(), but will avoid cloning the inner value where possible.

§Examples
let inner = String::from("test");
let ptr = inner.as_ptr();

let rc = Rc::new(inner);
let inner = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(rc);
// The inner value was not cloned
assert!(ptr::eq(ptr, inner.as_ptr()));

let rc = Rc::new(inner);
let rc2 = rc.clone();
let inner = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(rc);
// Because there were 2 references, we had to clone the inner value.
assert!(!ptr::eq(ptr, inner.as_ptr()));
// `rc2` is the last reference, so when we unwrap it we get back
// the original `String`.
let inner = Rc::unwrap_or_clone(rc2);
assert!(ptr::eq(ptr, inner.as_ptr()));
source§

impl<A> Rc<dyn Any, A>
where A: Allocator,

1.29.0 · source

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Rc<T, A>, Rc<dyn Any, A>>
where T: Any,

Attempts to downcast the Rc<dyn Any> to a concrete type.

§Examples
use std::any::Any;
use std::rc::Rc;

fn print_if_string(value: Rc<dyn Any>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Rc::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Rc::new(0i8));
source

pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Rc<T, A>
where T: Any,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (downcast_unchecked)

Downcasts the Rc<dyn Any> to a concrete type.

For a safe alternative see downcast.

§Examples
#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]

use std::any::Any;
use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<dyn Any> = Rc::new(1_usize);

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}
§Safety

The contained value must be of type T. Calling this method with the incorrect type is undefined behavior.

Trait Implementations§

1.69.0 · source§

impl<T> AsFd for Rc<T>
where T: AsFd + ?Sized,

source§

fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_>

Borrows the file descriptor. Read more
1.69.0 · source§

impl<T> AsRawFd for Rc<T>
where T: AsRawFd,

source§

fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> i32

Extracts the raw file descriptor. Read more
1.5.0 · source§

impl<T, A> AsRef<T> for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source§

fn as_ref(&self) -> &T

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Borrow<T> for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source§

fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Clone for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator + Clone, T: ?Sized,

source§

fn clone(&self) -> Rc<T, A>

Makes a clone of the Rc pointer.

This creates another pointer to the same allocation, increasing the strong reference count.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

let _ = Rc::clone(&five);
1.0.0 · source§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Debug for Rc<T, A>
where T: Debug + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

source§

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
1.80.0 · source§

impl<T> Default for Rc<[T]>

source§

fn default() -> Rc<[T]>

Creates an empty [T] inside an Rc

This may or may not share an allocation with other Rcs on the same thread.

1.80.0 · source§

impl Default for Rc<CStr>

source§

fn default() -> Rc<CStr>

Creates an empty CStr inside an Rc

This may or may not share an allocation with other Rcs on the same thread.

1.0.0 · source§

impl<T> Default for Rc<T>
where T: Default,

source§

fn default() -> Rc<T>

Creates a new Rc<T>, with the Default value for T.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let x: Rc<i32> = Default::default();
assert_eq!(*x, 0);
1.80.0 · source§

impl Default for Rc<str>

source§

fn default() -> Rc<str>

Creates an empty str inside an Rc

This may or may not share an allocation with other Rcs on the same thread.

1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Deref for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

§

type Target = T

The resulting type after dereferencing.
source§

fn deref(&self) -> &T

Dereferences the value.
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Display for Rc<T, A>
where T: Display + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

source§

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Drop for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source§

fn drop(&mut self)

Drops the Rc.

This will decrement the strong reference count. If the strong reference count reaches zero then the only other references (if any) are Weak, so we drop the inner value.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

struct Foo;

impl Drop for Foo {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        println!("dropped!");
    }
}

let foo  = Rc::new(Foo);
let foo2 = Rc::clone(&foo);

drop(foo);    // Doesn't print anything
drop(foo2);   // Prints "dropped!"
§

impl<T> EncodeAsFields for Rc<T>
where T: EncodeAsFields,

§

fn encode_as_fields_to<R>( &self, fields: &mut dyn FieldIter<'_, <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId, Item = Field<'_, <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId>>, types: &R, out: &mut Vec<u8>, ) -> Result<(), Error>
where R: TypeResolver,

Given some fields describing the shape of a type, attempt to encode to that shape.
§

fn encode_as_fields<R>( &self, fields: &mut dyn FieldIter<'_, <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId, Item = Field<'_, <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId>>, types: &R, ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error>
where R: TypeResolver,

This is a helper function which internally calls [EncodeAsFields::encode_as_fields_to]. Prefer to implement that instead.
§

impl<T> EncodeAsType for Rc<T>
where T: EncodeAsType,

§

fn encode_as_type_to<R>( &self, type_id: <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId, types: &R, out: &mut Vec<u8>, ) -> Result<(), Error>
where R: TypeResolver,

Given some type_id, types, a context and some output target for the SCALE encoded bytes, attempt to SCALE encode the current value into the type given by type_id.
§

fn encode_as_type<R>( &self, type_id: <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId, types: &R, ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error>
where R: TypeResolver,

This is a helper function which internally calls [EncodeAsType::encode_as_type_to]. Prefer to implement that instead.
1.21.0 · source§

impl<T> From<&[T]> for Rc<[T]>
where T: Clone,

source§

fn from(v: &[T]) -> Rc<[T]>

Allocates a reference-counted slice and fills it by cloning v’s items.

§Example
let original: &[i32] = &[1, 2, 3];
let shared: Rc<[i32]> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);
1.24.0 · source§

impl From<&CStr> for Rc<CStr>

source§

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Rc<CStr>

Converts a &CStr into a Rc<CStr>, by copying the contents into a newly allocated Rc.

1.24.0 · source§

impl From<&OsStr> for Rc<OsStr>

source§

fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Rc<OsStr>

Copies the string into a newly allocated Rc<OsStr>.

1.24.0 · source§

impl From<&Path> for Rc<Path>

source§

fn from(s: &Path) -> Rc<Path>

Converts a Path into an Rc by copying the Path data into a new Rc buffer.

1.21.0 · source§

impl From<&str> for Rc<str>

source§

fn from(v: &str) -> Rc<str>

Allocates a reference-counted string slice and copies v into it.

§Example
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from("statue");
assert_eq!("statue", &shared[..]);
1.74.0 · source§

impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Rc<[T]>

source§

fn from(v: [T; N]) -> Rc<[T]>

Converts a [T; N] into an Rc<[T]>.

The conversion moves the array into a newly allocated Rc.

§Example
let original: [i32; 3] = [1, 2, 3];
let shared: Rc<[i32]> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);
1.21.0 · source§

impl<T, A> From<Box<T, A>> for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source§

fn from(v: Box<T, A>) -> Rc<T, A>

Move a boxed object to a new, reference counted, allocation.

§Example
let original: Box<i32> = Box::new(1);
let shared: Rc<i32> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!(1, *shared);
1.24.0 · source§

impl From<CString> for Rc<CStr>

source§

fn from(s: CString) -> Rc<CStr>

Converts a CString into an Rc<CStr> by moving the CString data into a new Rc buffer.

1.45.0 · source§

impl<'a, B> From<Cow<'a, B>> for Rc<B>
where B: ToOwned + ?Sized, Rc<B>: From<&'a B> + From<<B as ToOwned>::Owned>,

source§

fn from(cow: Cow<'a, B>) -> Rc<B>

Creates a reference-counted pointer from a clone-on-write pointer by copying its content.

§Example
let cow: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Borrowed("eggplant");
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from(cow);
assert_eq!("eggplant", &shared[..]);
1.24.0 · source§

impl From<OsString> for Rc<OsStr>

source§

fn from(s: OsString) -> Rc<OsStr>

Converts an OsString into an Rc<OsStr> by moving the OsString data into a new Rc buffer.

1.24.0 · source§

impl From<PathBuf> for Rc<Path>

source§

fn from(s: PathBuf) -> Rc<Path>

Converts a PathBuf into an Rc<Path> by moving the PathBuf data into a new Rc buffer.

source§

impl<W> From<Rc<W>> for LocalWaker
where W: LocalWake + 'static,

source§

fn from(waker: Rc<W>) -> LocalWaker

Use a Wake-able type as a LocalWaker.

No heap allocations or atomic operations are used for this conversion.

source§

impl<W> From<Rc<W>> for RawWaker
where W: LocalWake + 'static,

source§

fn from(waker: Rc<W>) -> RawWaker

Use a Wake-able type as a RawWaker.

No heap allocations or atomic operations are used for this conversion.

1.62.0 · source§

impl From<Rc<str>> for Rc<[u8]>

source§

fn from(rc: Rc<str>) -> Rc<[u8]>

Converts a reference-counted string slice into a byte slice.

§Example
let string: Rc<str> = Rc::from("eggplant");
let bytes: Rc<[u8]> = Rc::from(string);
assert_eq!("eggplant".as_bytes(), bytes.as_ref());
1.21.0 · source§

impl From<String> for Rc<str>

source§

fn from(v: String) -> Rc<str>

Allocates a reference-counted string slice and copies v into it.

§Example
let original: String = "statue".to_owned();
let shared: Rc<str> = Rc::from(original);
assert_eq!("statue", &shared[..]);
1.6.0 · source§

impl<T> From<T> for Rc<T>

source§

fn from(t: T) -> Rc<T>

Converts a generic type T into an Rc<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

§Example
let x = 5;
let rc = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Rc::from(x), rc);
1.21.0 · source§

impl<T, A> From<Vec<T, A>> for Rc<[T], A>
where A: Allocator,

source§

fn from(v: Vec<T, A>) -> Rc<[T], A>

Allocates a reference-counted slice and moves v’s items into it.

§Example
let unique: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
let shared: Rc<[i32]> = Rc::from(unique);
assert_eq!(&[1, 2, 3], &shared[..]);
1.37.0 · source§

impl<T> FromIterator<T> for Rc<[T]>

source§

fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> Rc<[T]>
where I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,

Takes each element in the Iterator and collects it into an Rc<[T]>.

§Performance characteristics
§The general case

In the general case, collecting into Rc<[T]> is done by first collecting into a Vec<T>. That is, when writing the following:

let evens: Rc<[u8]> = (0..10).filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0).collect();

this behaves as if we wrote:

let evens: Rc<[u8]> = (0..10).filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0)
    .collect::<Vec<_>>() // The first set of allocations happens here.
    .into(); // A second allocation for `Rc<[T]>` happens here.

This will allocate as many times as needed for constructing the Vec<T> and then it will allocate once for turning the Vec<T> into the Rc<[T]>.

§Iterators of known length

When your Iterator implements TrustedLen and is of an exact size, a single allocation will be made for the Rc<[T]>. For example:

let evens: Rc<[u8]> = (0..10).collect(); // Just a single allocation happens here.
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Hash for Rc<T, A>
where T: Hash + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

source§

fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher,

Feeds this value into the given Hasher. Read more
1.3.0 · source§

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher. Read more
§

impl<T> IntoVisitor for Rc<T>
where T: IntoVisitor,

§

type AnyVisitor<R: TypeResolver> = BasicVisitor<Rc<T>, R>

The visitor type used to decode SCALE encoded bytes to Self.
§

fn into_visitor<R>() -> <Rc<T> as IntoVisitor>::AnyVisitor<R>
where R: TypeResolver,

A means of obtaining this visitor.
§

impl<Sp> LocalSpawn for Rc<Sp>
where Sp: LocalSpawn + ?Sized,

§

fn spawn_local_obj( &self, future: LocalFutureObj<'static, ()>, ) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Spawns a future that will be run to completion. Read more
§

fn status_local(&self) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Determines whether the executor is able to spawn new tasks. Read more
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Ord for Rc<T, A>
where T: Ord + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

source§

fn cmp(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> Ordering

Comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling cmp() on their inner values.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Ordering::Less, five.cmp(&Rc::new(6)));
1.21.0 · source§

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more
1.21.0 · source§

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more
1.50.0 · source§

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized + PartialOrd,

Restrict a value to a certain interval. Read more
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> PartialEq for Rc<T, A>
where T: PartialEq + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

source§

fn eq(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

Equality for two Rcs.

Two Rcs are equal if their inner values are equal, even if they are stored in different allocation.

If T also implements Eq (implying reflexivity of equality), two Rcs that point to the same allocation are always equal.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five == Rc::new(5));
source§

fn ne(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

Inequality for two Rcs.

Two Rcs are not equal if their inner values are not equal.

If T also implements Eq (implying reflexivity of equality), two Rcs that point to the same allocation are always equal.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five != Rc::new(6));
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> PartialOrd for Rc<T, A>
where T: PartialOrd + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

source§

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> Option<Ordering>

Partial comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling partial_cmp() on their inner values.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert_eq!(Some(Ordering::Less), five.partial_cmp(&Rc::new(6)));
source§

fn lt(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

Less-than comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling < on their inner values.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five < Rc::new(6));
source§

fn le(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

‘Less than or equal to’ comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling <= on their inner values.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five <= Rc::new(5));
source§

fn gt(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

Greater-than comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling > on their inner values.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five > Rc::new(4));
source§

fn ge(&self, other: &Rc<T, A>) -> bool

‘Greater than or equal to’ comparison for two Rcs.

The two are compared by calling >= on their inner values.

§Examples
use std::rc::Rc;

let five = Rc::new(5);

assert!(five >= Rc::new(5));
1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Pointer for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source§

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
§

impl<Sp> Spawn for Rc<Sp>
where Sp: Spawn + ?Sized,

§

fn spawn_obj(&self, future: FutureObj<'static, ()>) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Spawns a future that will be run to completion. Read more
§

fn status(&self) -> Result<(), SpawnError>

Determines whether the executor is able to spawn new tasks. Read more
1.43.0 · source§

impl<T, A, const N: usize> TryFrom<Rc<[T], A>> for Rc<[T; N], A>
where A: Allocator,

§

type Error = Rc<[T], A>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
source§

fn try_from( boxed_slice: Rc<[T], A>, ) -> Result<Rc<[T; N], A>, <Rc<[T; N], A> as TryFrom<Rc<[T], A>>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
§

impl<T> TypeInfo for Rc<T>
where T: TypeInfo + 'static + ?Sized,

§

type Identity = T

The type identifying for which type info is provided. Read more
§

fn type_info() -> Type

Returns the static type identifier for Self.
§

impl<T> WrapperTypeDecode for Rc<T>

§

type Wrapped = T

A wrapped type.
§

impl<T> CloneStableDeref for Rc<T>
where T: ?Sized,

source§

impl<T, U, A> CoerceUnsized<Rc<U, A>> for Rc<T, A>
where T: Unsize<U> + ?Sized, A: Allocator, U: ?Sized,

source§

impl<T, A> DerefPure for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

source§

impl<T, U> DispatchFromDyn<Rc<U>> for Rc<T>
where T: Unsize<U> + ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<T> for Rc<T>
where T: Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike for Rc<T>
where T: Encode + ?Sized,

1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Eq for Rc<T, A>
where T: Eq + ?Sized, A: Allocator,

1.58.0 · source§

impl<T, A> RefUnwindSafe for Rc<T, A>

1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> !Send for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

§

impl<T> StableDeref for Rc<T>
where T: ?Sized,

1.0.0 · source§

impl<T, A> !Sync for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

1.33.0 · source§

impl<T, A> Unpin for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

1.9.0 · source§

impl<T, A> UnwindSafe for Rc<T, A>

§

impl<T> WrapperTypeEncode for Rc<T>
where T: ?Sized,

Auto Trait Implementations§

§

impl<T, A> Freeze for Rc<T, A>
where A: Freeze, T: ?Sized,

Blanket Implementations§

source§

impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

source§

fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more
§

impl<A, T> AsBits<T> for A
where A: AsRef<[T]>, T: BitStore,

§

fn as_bits<O>(&self) -> &BitSlice<T, O>
where O: BitOrder,

Views self as an immutable bit-slice region with the O ordering.
§

fn try_as_bits<O>(&self) -> Result<&BitSlice<T, O>, BitSpanError<T>>
where O: BitOrder,

Attempts to view self as an immutable bit-slice region with the O ordering. Read more
§

impl<T, U> AsByteSlice<T> for U
where T: ToByteSlice, U: AsRef<[T]> + ?Sized,

§

fn as_byte_slice(&self) -> &[u8]

§

impl<T> AsFilelike for T
where T: AsFd,

§

fn as_filelike(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_>

Borrows the reference. Read more
§

fn as_filelike_view<Target>(&self) -> FilelikeView<'_, Target>
where Target: FilelikeViewType,

Return a borrowing view of a resource which dereferences to a &Target. Read more
§

impl<T> AsRawFilelike for T
where T: AsRawFd,

§

fn as_raw_filelike(&self) -> i32

Returns the raw value.
§

impl<T> AsRawSocketlike for T
where T: AsRawFd,

§

fn as_raw_socketlike(&self) -> i32

Returns the raw value.
§

impl<U> AsSliceOf for U
where U: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,

§

fn as_slice_of<T>(&self) -> Result<&[T], Error>
where T: FromByteSlice,

§

impl<T> AsSocketlike for T
where T: AsFd,

§

fn as_socketlike(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_>

Borrows the reference.
§

fn as_socketlike_view<Target>(&self) -> SocketlikeView<'_, Target>
where Target: SocketlikeViewType,

Return a borrowing view of a resource which dereferences to a &Target. Read more
source§

impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

source§

fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
source§

impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

source§

fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
§

impl<T> CallHasher for T
where T: Hash + ?Sized,

§

default fn get_hash<H, B>(value: &H, build_hasher: &B) -> u64
where H: Hash + ?Sized, B: BuildHasher,

§

impl<T> CheckedConversion for T

§

fn checked_from<T>(t: T) -> Option<Self>
where Self: TryFrom<T>,

Convert from a value of T into an equivalent instance of Option<Self>. Read more
§

fn checked_into<T>(self) -> Option<T>
where Self: TryInto<T>,

Consume self to return Some equivalent value of Option<T>. Read more
§

impl<T> Clear for T
where T: Default + Eq + PartialEq,

§

fn is_clear(&self) -> bool

True iff no bits are set.
§

fn clear() -> T

Return the value of Self that is clear.
source§

impl<T> CloneToUninit for T
where T: Clone,

source§

default unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dst: *mut T)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (clone_to_uninit)
Performs copy-assignment from self to dst. Read more
§

impl<Q, K> Comparable<K> for Q
where Q: Ord + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

§

fn compare(&self, key: &K) -> Ordering

Compare self to key and return their ordering.
§

impl<T> Conv for T

§

fn conv<T>(self) -> T
where Self: Into<T>,

Converts self into T using Into<T>. Read more
§

impl<T, X> Decode for X
where T: Decode + Into<X>, X: WrapperTypeDecode<Wrapped = T>,

§

fn decode<I>(input: &mut I) -> Result<X, Error>
where I: Input,

Attempt to deserialise the value from input.
§

fn decode_into<I>( input: &mut I, dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self>, ) -> Result<DecodeFinished, Error>
where I: Input,

Attempt to deserialize the value from input into a pre-allocated piece of memory. Read more
§

fn skip<I>(input: &mut I) -> Result<(), Error>
where I: Input,

Attempt to skip the encoded value from input. Read more
§

fn encoded_fixed_size() -> Option<usize>

Returns the fixed encoded size of the type. Read more
§

impl<T> DecodeAll for T
where T: Decode,

§

fn decode_all(input: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<T, Error>

Decode Self and consume all of the given input data. Read more
§

impl<T> DecodeAsType for T
where T: IntoVisitor,

§

fn decode_as_type_maybe_compact<R>( input: &mut &[u8], type_id: <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId, types: &R, is_compact: bool, ) -> Result<T, Error>
where R: TypeResolver,

§

fn decode_as_type<R>( input: &mut &[u8], type_id: <R as TypeResolver>::TypeId, types: &R, ) -> Result<Self, Error>
where R: TypeResolver,

Given some input bytes, a type_id, and type registry, attempt to decode said bytes into Self. Implementations should modify the &mut reference to the bytes such that any bytes not used in the course of decoding are still pointed to after decoding is complete.
§

impl<T> DecodeLimit for T
where T: Decode,

§

fn decode_all_with_depth_limit( limit: u32, input: &mut &[u8], ) -> Result<T, Error>

Decode Self and consume all of the given input data. Read more
§

fn decode_with_depth_limit<I>(limit: u32, input: &mut I) -> Result<T, Error>
where I: Input,

Decode Self with the given maximum recursion depth and advance input by the number of bytes consumed. Read more
§

impl<T1> DecodeUntypedSlice for T1
where T1: From<UntypedValue>,

§

fn decode_untyped_slice(results: &[UntypedValue]) -> Result<T1, UntypedError>

Decodes the slice of [UntypedValue] as a value of type Self. Read more
§

impl<T> DecodeWithMetadata for T
where T: DecodeAsType,

§

fn decode_with_metadata( bytes: &mut &[u8], type_id: u32, metadata: &Metadata, ) -> Result<T, Error>

Given some metadata and a type ID, attempt to SCALE decode the provided bytes into Self.
§

impl<T> Downcast for T
where T: Any,

§

fn into_any(self: Box<T>) -> Box<dyn Any>

Convert Box<dyn Trait> (where Trait: Downcast) to Box<dyn Any>. Box<dyn Any> can then be further downcast into Box<ConcreteType> where ConcreteType implements Trait.
§

fn into_any_rc(self: Rc<T>) -> Rc<dyn Any>

Convert Rc<Trait> (where Trait: Downcast) to Rc<Any>. Rc<Any> can then be further downcast into Rc<ConcreteType> where ConcreteType implements Trait.
§

fn as_any(&self) -> &(dyn Any + 'static)

Convert &Trait (where Trait: Downcast) to &Any. This is needed since Rust cannot generate &Any’s vtable from &Trait’s.
§

fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut (dyn Any + 'static)

Convert &mut Trait (where Trait: Downcast) to &Any. This is needed since Rust cannot generate &mut Any’s vtable from &mut Trait’s.
source§

impl<T> DynClone for T
where T: Clone,

source§

fn __clone_box(&self, _: Private) -> *mut ()

§

impl<T, X> Encode for X
where T: Encode + ?Sized, X: WrapperTypeEncode<Target = T>,

§

fn size_hint(&self) -> usize

If possible give a hint of expected size of the encoding. Read more
§

fn using_encoded<R, F>(&self, f: F) -> R
where F: FnOnce(&[u8]) -> R,

Convert self to a slice and then invoke the given closure with it.
§

fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8>

Convert self to an owned vector.
§

fn encode_to<W>(&self, dest: &mut W)
where W: Output + ?Sized,

Convert self to a slice and append it to the destination.
§

fn encoded_size(&self) -> usize

Calculates the encoded size. Read more
§

impl<T> EncodeWithMetadata for T
where T: EncodeAsType,

§

fn encode_with_metadata( &self, type_id: u32, metadata: &Metadata, bytes: &mut Vec<u8>, ) -> Result<(), Error>

SCALE encode this type to bytes, possibly with the help of metadata.

§

impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

§

fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Checks if this value is equivalent to the given key. Read more
source§

impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

source§

fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Compare self to key and return true if they are equal.
§

impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

§

fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Checks if this value is equivalent to the given key. Read more
§

impl<Q, K> Equivalent<K> for Q
where Q: Eq + ?Sized, K: Borrow<Q> + ?Sized,

§

fn equivalent(&self, key: &K) -> bool

Compare self to key and return true if they are equal.
§

impl<T> FmtForward for T

§

fn fmt_binary(self) -> FmtBinary<Self>
where Self: Binary,

Causes self to use its Binary implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_display(self) -> FmtDisplay<Self>
where Self: Display,

Causes self to use its Display implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_lower_exp(self) -> FmtLowerExp<Self>
where Self: LowerExp,

Causes self to use its LowerExp implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_lower_hex(self) -> FmtLowerHex<Self>
where Self: LowerHex,

Causes self to use its LowerHex implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_octal(self) -> FmtOctal<Self>
where Self: Octal,

Causes self to use its Octal implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_pointer(self) -> FmtPointer<Self>
where Self: Pointer,

Causes self to use its Pointer implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_upper_exp(self) -> FmtUpperExp<Self>
where Self: UpperExp,

Causes self to use its UpperExp implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_upper_hex(self) -> FmtUpperHex<Self>
where Self: UpperHex,

Causes self to use its UpperHex implementation when Debug-formatted.
§

fn fmt_list(self) -> FmtList<Self>
where &'a Self: for<'a> IntoIterator,

Formats each item in a sequence. Read more
source§

impl<T> From<!> for T

source§

fn from(t: !) -> T

Converts to this type from the input type.
source§

impl<T> From<T> for T

source§

fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

§

impl<T> FromBits<T> for T

§

fn from_bits(other: T) -> T

Convert other to Self, preserving bitwise representation
§

impl<T> FromFd for T
where T: From<OwnedFd>,

§

fn from_fd(owned_fd: OwnedFd) -> T

👎Deprecated since 1.0.0: FromFd::from_fd is replaced by From<OwnedFd>::from
Constructs a new instance of Self from the given file descriptor. Read more
§

fn from_into_fd<Owned>(into_owned: Owned) -> Self
where Owned: Into<OwnedFd>, Self: Sized + From<OwnedFd>,

Constructs a new instance of Self from the given file descriptor converted from into_owned. Read more
§

impl<T> FromFilelike for T
where T: From<OwnedFd>,

§

fn from_filelike(owned: OwnedFd) -> T

Constructs a new instance of Self from the given filelike object. Read more
§

fn from_into_filelike<Owned>(owned: Owned) -> T
where Owned: IntoFilelike,

Constructs a new instance of Self from the given filelike object converted from into_owned. Read more
§

impl<T> FromSocketlike for T
where T: From<OwnedFd>,

§

fn from_socketlike(owned: OwnedFd) -> T

Constructs a new instance of Self from the given socketlike object.
§

fn from_into_socketlike<Owned>(owned: Owned) -> T
where Owned: IntoSocketlike,

Constructs a new instance of Self from the given socketlike object converted from into_owned.
§

impl<T> Instrument for T

§

fn instrument(self, span: Span) -> Instrumented<Self>

Instruments this type with the provided [Span], returning an Instrumented wrapper. Read more
§

fn in_current_span(self) -> Instrumented<Self>

Instruments this type with the current Span, returning an Instrumented wrapper. Read more
source§

impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

source§

fn into(self) -> U

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

source§

impl<T> IntoEither for T

source§

fn into_either(self, into_left: bool) -> Either<Self, Self>

Converts self into a Left variant of Either<Self, Self> if into_left is true. Converts self into a Right variant of Either<Self, Self> otherwise. Read more
source§

fn into_either_with<F>(self, into_left: F) -> Either<Self, Self>
where F: FnOnce(&Self) -> bool,

Converts self into a Left variant of Either<Self, Self> if into_left(&self) returns true. Converts self into a Right variant of Either<Self, Self> otherwise. Read more
§

impl<Stream> IsTerminal for Stream
where Stream: AsFd,

§

fn is_terminal(&self) -> bool

Returns true if this is a terminal. Read more
§

impl<T, Outer> IsWrappedBy<Outer> for T
where Outer: AsRef<T> + AsMut<T> + From<T>, T: From<Outer>,

§

fn from_ref(outer: &Outer) -> &T

Get a reference to the inner from the outer.

§

fn from_mut(outer: &mut Outer) -> &mut T

Get a mutable reference to the inner from the outer.

§

impl<T> KeyedVec for T
where T: Codec,

§

fn to_keyed_vec(&self, prepend_key: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8>

Return an encoding of Self prepended by given slice.
§

impl<Sp> LocalSpawnExt for Sp
where Sp: LocalSpawn + ?Sized,

§

fn spawn_local<Fut>(&self, future: Fut) -> Result<(), SpawnError>
where Fut: Future<Output = ()> + 'static,

Spawns a task that polls the given future with output () to completion. Read more
§

fn spawn_local_with_handle<Fut>( &self, future: Fut, ) -> Result<RemoteHandle<<Fut as Future>::Output>, SpawnError>
where Fut: Future + 'static,

Spawns a task that polls the given future to completion and returns a future that resolves to the spawned future’s output. Read more
source§

impl<S> ParseFormatted for S
where S: AsRef<str>,

source§

fn parse_formatted<F, N>(&self, format: &F) -> Result<N, Error>
where F: Format, N: FromFormattedStr,

Converts self (typically a formatted string) into a number (see Examples above).
§

impl<T> Pipe for T
where T: ?Sized,

§

fn pipe<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(Self) -> R) -> R
where Self: Sized,

Pipes by value. This is generally the method you want to use. Read more
§

fn pipe_ref<'a, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a Self) -> R) -> R
where R: 'a,

Borrows self and passes that borrow into the pipe function. Read more
§

fn pipe_ref_mut<'a, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut Self) -> R) -> R
where R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self and passes that borrow into the pipe function. Read more
§

fn pipe_borrow<'a, B, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a B) -> R) -> R
where Self: Borrow<B>, B: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Borrows self, then passes self.borrow() into the pipe function. Read more
§

fn pipe_borrow_mut<'a, B, R>( &'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut B) -> R, ) -> R
where Self: BorrowMut<B>, B: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self, then passes self.borrow_mut() into the pipe function. Read more
§

fn pipe_as_ref<'a, U, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a U) -> R) -> R
where Self: AsRef<U>, U: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Borrows self, then passes self.as_ref() into the pipe function.
§

fn pipe_as_mut<'a, U, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut U) -> R) -> R
where Self: AsMut<U>, U: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self, then passes self.as_mut() into the pipe function.
§

fn pipe_deref<'a, T, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a T) -> R) -> R
where Self: Deref<Target = T>, T: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Borrows self, then passes self.deref() into the pipe function.
§

fn pipe_deref_mut<'a, T, R>( &'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut T) -> R, ) -> R
where Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref, T: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self, then passes self.deref_mut() into the pipe function.
source§

impl<T> Same for T

§

type Output = T

Should always be Self
§

impl<T> SaturatedConversion for T

§

fn saturated_from<T>(t: T) -> Self
where Self: UniqueSaturatedFrom<T>,

Convert from a value of T into an equivalent instance of Self. Read more
§

fn saturated_into<T>(self) -> T
where Self: UniqueSaturatedInto<T>,

Consume self to return an equivalent value of T. Read more
§

impl<Sp> SpawnExt for Sp
where Sp: Spawn + ?Sized,

§

fn spawn<Fut>(&self, future: Fut) -> Result<(), SpawnError>
where Fut: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,

Spawns a task that polls the given future with output () to completion. Read more
§

fn spawn_with_handle<Fut>( &self, future: Fut, ) -> Result<RemoteHandle<<Fut as Future>::Output>, SpawnError>
where Fut: Future + Send + 'static, <Fut as Future>::Output: Send,

Spawns a task that polls the given future to completion and returns a future that resolves to the spawned future’s output. Read more
§

impl<T> Tap for T

§

fn tap(self, func: impl FnOnce(&Self)) -> Self

Immutable access to a value. Read more
§

fn tap_mut(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) -> Self

Mutable access to a value. Read more
§

fn tap_borrow<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self
where Self: Borrow<B>, B: ?Sized,

Immutable access to the Borrow<B> of a value. Read more
§

fn tap_borrow_mut<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self
where Self: BorrowMut<B>, B: ?Sized,

Mutable access to the BorrowMut<B> of a value. Read more
§

fn tap_ref<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self
where Self: AsRef<R>, R: ?Sized,

Immutable access to the AsRef<R> view of a value. Read more
§

fn tap_ref_mut<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self
where Self: AsMut<R>, R: ?Sized,

Mutable access to the AsMut<R> view of a value. Read more
§

fn tap_deref<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&T)) -> Self
where Self: Deref<Target = T>, T: ?Sized,

Immutable access to the Deref::Target of a value. Read more
§

fn tap_deref_mut<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut T)) -> Self
where Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref, T: ?Sized,

Mutable access to the Deref::Target of a value. Read more
§

fn tap_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&Self)) -> Self

Calls .tap() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_mut_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) -> Self

Calls .tap_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_borrow_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self
where Self: Borrow<B>, B: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_borrow() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_borrow_mut_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self
where Self: BorrowMut<B>, B: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_borrow_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_ref_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self
where Self: AsRef<R>, R: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_ref() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_ref_mut_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self
where Self: AsMut<R>, R: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_ref_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_deref_dbg<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&T)) -> Self
where Self: Deref<Target = T>, T: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_deref() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
§

fn tap_deref_mut_dbg<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut T)) -> Self
where Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref, T: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_deref_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
source§

impl<T> ToHex for T
where T: AsRef<[u8]>,

source§

fn encode_hex<U>(&self) -> U
where U: FromIterator<char>,

Encode the hex strict representing self into the result. Lower case letters are used (e.g. f9b4ca)
source§

fn encode_hex_upper<U>(&self) -> U
where U: FromIterator<char>,

Encode the hex strict representing self into the result. Upper case letters are used (e.g. F9B4CA)
source§

impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

§

type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
source§

fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
source§

fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
source§

impl<T> ToString for T
where T: Display + ?Sized,

source§

default fn to_string(&self) -> String

Converts the given value to a String. Read more
§

impl<T> TryConv for T

§

fn try_conv<T>(self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
where Self: TryInto<T>,

Attempts to convert self into T using TryInto<T>. Read more
source§

impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

§

type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
source§

fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
source§

impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

§

type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
source§

fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
§

impl<S, T> UncheckedInto<T> for S
where T: UncheckedFrom<S>,

§

fn unchecked_into(self) -> T

The counterpart to unchecked_from.
§

impl<T, S> UniqueSaturatedInto<T> for S
where T: Bounded, S: TryInto<T>,

§

fn unique_saturated_into(self) -> T

Consume self to return an equivalent value of T.
§

impl<V, T> VZip<V> for T
where V: MultiLane<T>,

§

fn vzip(self) -> V

§

impl<T> WithSubscriber for T

§

fn with_subscriber<S>(self, subscriber: S) -> WithDispatch<Self>
where S: Into<Dispatch>,

Attaches the provided Subscriber to this type, returning a [WithDispatch] wrapper. Read more
§

fn with_current_subscriber(self) -> WithDispatch<Self>

Attaches the current default Subscriber to this type, returning a [WithDispatch] wrapper. Read more
§

impl<S> Codec for S
where S: Decode + Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<&&T> for T
where T: Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<&T> for T
where T: Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<&mut T> for T
where T: Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<Arc<T>> for T
where T: Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<Box<T>> for T
where T: Encode,

§

impl<'a, T> EncodeLike<Cow<'a, T>> for T
where T: ToOwned + Encode,

§

impl<T> EncodeLike<Rc<T>> for T
where T: Encode,

§

impl<S> FullCodec for S
where S: Decode + FullEncode,

§

impl<S> FullEncode for S
where S: Encode + EncodeLike,

§

impl<T> JsonSchemaMaybe for T

§

impl<T> MaybeDebug for T
where T: Debug,

§

impl<T> MaybeDisplay for T
where T: Display,

§

impl<T> MaybeHash for T
where T: Hash,

§

impl<T> MaybeHash for T
where T: Hash,

§

impl<T> MaybeRefUnwindSafe for T
where T: RefUnwindSafe,

§

impl<T> StaticTypeInfo for T
where T: TypeInfo + 'static,

§

impl<T> TypeId for T
where T: Clone + Debug + Default,